The internal and external boundaries of Europe have always been in a state of flux.

Even nowadays, new countries like Scotland and Catalonia could still emerge if independence can finally be achieved. The political place of Turkey has always been a contested notion despite that state's membership of UEFA, Eurovision and other pan-European organisations.

But the map of Europe looked radically different in 1000 AD and Ireland has been no different over the past millennium with its internal borders shifting radically.

In this video, you can see the changes as they happened from 1000 AD to the modern day.